The European Union provides a framework through directives that prohibit discrimination and set minimum harassment standards. The Equal Treatment in Employment and Occupation Directive and related laws guide member states in enforcing equal treatment at work.

The United Kingdom enforces the Equality Act 2010, offering robust protections against harassment and discrimination. Post-Brexit, the UK maintains strong protections while engaging with international best practices where appropriate.

Data privacy considerations under the GDPR affect how investigations are conducted, including handling sensitive data and retention policies. Employers must balance transparency with employee privacy.

Enforcement includes employment tribunals and national equality bodies, with remedies such as damages, policy mandates, and mandatory training.